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為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績，下面我給大家?guī)砝贤懈ｉ喿x100篇passage 33試題及答案，希望大家喜歡!
老托福閱讀100篇passage 33試題及答案
PASSAGE 33
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at
once (lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word it in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C
托福閱讀怎么抓住定位詞
首先介紹一下，什么是定位詞?
其實(shí)很簡單，打個比方，你和朋友約好了去酒吧，朋友和你說酒吧在沈陽新東方正對面，這個酒吧你是不知道地點(diǎn)的，也就是你的目的地;而新東方卻很熟知，那么你只需找到新東方便可以找到酒吧了。在這里新東方是已知的，就是用來定位的詞匯，而酒吧則是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。
定位詞的稱呼有很多，如關(guān)鍵詞，主旨詞，功能詞，中心詞等等。這些只是個名稱罷了，含義都是一致的：一個可以根據(jù)題干回原文定位，并能夠找到出處的詞，這個題干中的詞就是定位詞 or key word。
定位詞有什么樣的特征?
定位詞總體特征：不可變性和細(xì)節(jié)性
不可變性：定位詞是用來定位的，所以必須找那些回原文依然不變的詞匯，才有意義。通常不用動詞和副詞來定位。通常是名詞或充當(dāng)定語的形容詞。
細(xì)節(jié)性：不要找大概念的詞匯，更不要拿代表全文主旨的詞匯來定位。換句話說不要找那些原文一大堆的詞匯，無法定位。
如，95年英國劍橋委員會British Council給出的唯一樣題 文章 的題目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount St.Helens
下面有一道選擇題是“ According to the text the eruption of Mount St.Helens and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”
拿這道題為例，如果大家把Mount St.Helens 作為關(guān)鍵詞回原文進(jìn)行定位，那你會郁悶致死，全文主要講的就是圣海倫斯火山的噴發(fā)，原文有N多個Mount St.Helens，所以即使這個詞屬于大寫的專有名詞，但他違背了細(xì)節(jié)性，是概括性的詞匯，也不能作為定位詞來尋找答案。
究竟哪些詞在閱讀當(dāng)中充當(dāng)定位詞?
以下是定位詞的分類：
1.特殊詞匯
在閱讀中有一些詞張的比較特殊，這種詞很容易被記住，也很容易回原文定位。
好比，在大街上上看到一個人光著身子跑步-------特殊難看
一個人的個子超高，像姚明一樣------特殊長
一個人身上穿著10多種顏色的衣服，而且不停的搖頭-----特殊怪
特殊怪，特殊長，特殊難
這三種詞就是特殊詞的所有特征，在文中看到這樣的詞，一定要警惕。如，
Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪，很好定位，也經(jīng)常作為考點(diǎn)。
sodium 【化學(xué)】鈉---特殊難，大家只要知道是一種化學(xué)元素足矣。
Simultaneous 同時的---特殊長，這種詞本身的特點(diǎn)決定應(yīng)作為定位詞。
2.數(shù)字：通常指時間，金錢和百分比。
有一個道題目是這樣問的：
“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”
那么像1980 3185$ 69%這些詞因?yàn)殚L相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出來幾個數(shù)字，十分顯眼，也就很好回原文找到他們。
3.專有名詞：斜體字，大寫人名,地名，大寫的專有名詞，這一點(diǎn)大家都很熟悉，不用多說。
4.特殊符號：
在特殊符號里或者旁邊的詞，最好通過符號回原文進(jìn)行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles) 這些詞本身并沒有什么特別，但放在符號里面，就可以根據(jù)符號回原文進(jìn)行尋找。
總之，在國外考試的閱讀中，無論是閱讀文章，還是回答后面的10幾道題目，定位詞的尋找，都是一種有效的應(yīng)試策略，更是學(xué)術(shù)文章的閱讀的重要 方法 。
托福閱讀不同題型的方法和技巧
一、單詞題目
平時注意單詞量的積累，力求達(dá)到可以隨時隨地記憶單詞的境界。其實(shí)我們在記憶單詞的時候也可以適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂靡恍┎呗?，那就是在我們可以把自己的?cè)重點(diǎn)放在動詞和形容詞的記憶上。考試過后，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個策略的事半功倍了。此外，對于自己不認(rèn)識的單詞，我們應(yīng)該主動回原文找 同義詞，或找相關(guān)的提示信息。
二、找代詞指代對象的題目
在考試中，它們主要會以如下兩種形式出現(xiàn)。
(1)it、one、their、its、that類，這種題目主要是考查我們對于并列關(guān)系的掌握，這時，我們應(yīng)該主動去看這個詞所在的那整句話，從已知話中找到處于相同地位的詞。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定語從句類，我們在面對這種題目時，應(yīng)該有意識的在選項(xiàng)中找從句中謂語動詞的發(fā)起者或接受者，因?yàn)橹挥羞@樣才可以邁出通向勝利的第一步。
三、考查文章內(nèi)容的題目
在歷次的托?？荚囍?，也存在著兩大主要題型，即：文章細(xì)節(jié)考查題和文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查題。
1、文章細(xì)節(jié)考查題
解答文章細(xì)節(jié)考查題，我們一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的內(nèi)容，進(jìn)而得出答案。
常見的定位有以下3種：
(1)題目本身給出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一個段落的定位。
(3)位置多夾于前后兩題位置之間。
2、文章結(jié)構(gòu)考查題
一定要注意：
(1)千萬不要根據(jù)你讀的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章從頭到尾當(dāng)成一個整體，盡可能各段獨(dú)立。
(3)根據(jù) 經(jīng)驗(yàn)，在考試中，整篇文章的最后一句出題較多，所以應(yīng)該仔細(xì)閱讀這個重要的 句子 。
以上是針對托?？荚囬喿x部分的常見題型做出的一些有關(guān)于考試解題方法與技巧的分項(xiàng)介紹。
在整個的閱讀考試中，我們還應(yīng)該了解到：
(1)在這個特殊的考試時間段內(nèi)，我們的記憶比理解更為重要，在解題的時候一定要完全忠實(shí)于原文，切忌私自做出任何的主觀臆斷。
(2)在做題步驟方面，我們可以先簡讀原文(主要是各個段落的第一，二句話)，而后閱讀題目，最后觀察選項(xiàng)做出判斷。值得我們特別注意的是，我們在做出判斷的時候，切忌不要選擇在選項(xiàng)中存在比較，而在原文中沒有明確表示過的項(xiàng)目;切忌不要去選擇那些說法過于絕對化的選項(xiàng)。
為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績，下面我給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿xTPO24(試題+答案+譯文)第2篇:Breathing During Sleep，希望大家喜歡!
托福閱讀原文
【1】Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.
【2】During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.
【3】During NREM (the phase of sleep in which there is no rapid eye movement) breathing becomes deeper and more regular, but there is also a decrease in the breathing rate, resulting in less air being exchanged overall. This occurs because during NREM sleep the automatic, metabolic system has exclusive control over breathing and the body uses less oxygen and produces less carbon dioxide. Also, during sleep the automatic metabolic system is less responsive to carbon dioxide levels and oxygen levels in the blood. Two things result from these changes in breathing control that occur during sleep. First, there may be a brief cessation or reduction of breathing when falling asleep as the sleeper waxes and wanes between sleep and wakefulness and their differing control mechanisms. Second, once sleep is fully obtained, there is an increase of carbon dioxide and a decrease of oxygen in the blood that persists during NREM.
【4】But that is not all that changes. During all phases of sleep, several changes in the air passages have been observed. It takes twice as much effort to breathe during sleep because of greater resistance to airflow in the airways and changes in the efficiency of the muscles used for breathing. Some of the muscles that help keep the upper airway open when breathing tend to become more relaxed during sleep, especially during REM (the phase of sleep in which there is rapid eye movement). Without this muscular action, inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon—the narrow passages tend to collapse. Also there is a regular cycle of change in resistance between the two sides of the nose. If something blocks the "good" side, such as congestion from allergies or a cold, then resistance increases dramatically. Coupled with these factors is the loss of the complex interactions among the muscles that can change the route of airflow from nose to mouth.
【5】Other respiratory regulating mechanisms apparently cease functioning during sleep. For example, during wakefulness there is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort when inhaling is made more difficult (such as breathing through a restrictive face mask). This reflexive adjustment is totally absent during NREM sleep. only after several inadequate breaths under such conditions, resulting in the considerable elevation of carbon dioxide and reduction of oxygen in the blood, is breathing effort adjusted. Finally, the coughing reflex in reaction to irritants in the airway produces not a cough during sleep but a cessation of breathing. If the irritation is severe enough, a sleeping person will arouse, clear the airway, then resume breathing and likely return to sleep.
【6】Additional breathing changes occur during REM sleep that are even more dramatic than the changes that occur during NREM. The amount of air exchanged is even lower in REM than NREM because, although breathing is more rapid in REM,it is also more irregular, with brief episodes of shallow breathing or absence of breathing. In addition, breathing during REM depends much more on the action of the diaphragm and much less on rib cage action.
托福閱讀試題
1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following can be inferred about the diaphragm during sleep?
A.During sleep the diaphragm requires increased movement of the rib cage.
B.The diaphragm helps with breathing as movements of the rib cage decrease during sleep.
C.The diaphragm requires a great amount of pressure to function properly.
D.The diaphragm contributes to the effective functioning of the rib cage.
2.According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true of the voluntary breathing system EXCEPT:
A.It has its control center in the brain stem.
B.It controls breathing for a number of activities during wakefulness.
C.It is able to bypass the automatic system.
D.It produces an irregular breathing pattern.
3.The word exclusive in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning to
A.consistent
B.perfect
C.partial
D.sole
4.According to paragraph 3, which of the following may occur just before NREM sleep begins?
A.The automatic, metabolic system may increase its dependence on air exchanges.
B.Breathing can stop for a short time as a person falls asleep.
C.An increase in the oxygen level in the blood can occur as sleep becomes fully obtained.
D.The level of carbon dioxide in the blood may drop suddenly.
5.What is the author's purpose in stating that inhaling is like sucking air out of a balloon?(in paragraph 4)
A.To refute the argument that additional effort is necessary for breathing during sleep.
B.To argue that REM sleep is more important than NREM sleep.
C.To illustrate the difficulty of breathing during sleep.
D.To illustrate how blockage of narrow passages can be prevented during sleep.
6.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as being characteristic of breathing during sleep EXCEPT
A.relaxation of the muscles involved in the respiratory system.
B.changes in resistance between the two sides of the nose.
C.easier airflow in the passages of the upper airway.
D.absence of certain complex muscle interactions.
7.According to paragraph 5, what happens during NREM sleep when inhaling is difficult?
A.There is an immediate, automatic, adaptive increase in breathing effort.
B.The sleeping person takes several inadequate breaths before the breathing effort is adjusted.
C.The coughing reflex causes the breathing effort to adjust.
D.The airways become cleared as the blood removes irritants.
8.It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that a very mild irritation during sleep will likely cause the sleeping person to
A.increase the breathing effort.
B.wake up and remove the source of irritation.
C.cough while still sleeping.
D.stop breathing temporarily while still sleeping.
9.The word considerable (paragraph 5)meaning to
A.significant.
B.Steady.
C.Usual.
D.necessary.
10.The word resume in the passage (paragraph 5) is closest in meaning to
A.reduce.
B.stop.
C.readjust.
D.restart.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 6)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Because breathing is more shallow and irregular in REM than in NREM, less air is exchanged in REM.
B.Breathing in NREM is less effective than breathing in REM because of irregular episodes of rapid breathing during NREM.
C.Because breathing is more rapid in NREM sleep than in REM sleep, breathing often becomes shallow.
D.Although REM has brief episodes of shallow breathing or lack of breathing, breathing is more rapid than in NREM.
12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. To better understand breathing during sleep, it is, however, helpful to first understand how respiration works in general.
paragraph1: Of all the physiological differences in human sleep compared with wakefulness that have been discovered in the last decade, changes in respiratory control are most dramatic. Not only are there differences in the level of the functioning of respiratory systems, there are even changes in how they function. Movements of the rib cage for breathing are reduced during sleep, making the contractions of the diaphragm more important. [■]【A】 Yet because of the physics of lying down, the stomach applies weight against the diaphragm and makes it more difficult for the diaphragm to do its job. [■]【B】 However, there are many other changes that affect respiration when asleep.
paragraph2: [■]【C】 During wakefulness, breathing is controlled by two interacting systems. [■]【D】The first is an automatic, metabolic system whose control is centered in the brain stem. It subconsciously adjusts breathing rate and depth in order to regulate the levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2), and the acid-base ratio in the blood. The second system is the voluntary, behavioral system. Its control center is based in the forebrain, and it regulates breathing for use in speech, singing, sighing, and so on. It is capable of ignoring or overriding the automatic, metabolic system and produces an irregular pattern of breathing.
13.Directions: From the seven statements below, select the statements that correctly characterize breathing during wakefulness and those statements that correctly characterize breathing during sleep. Drag each answer choice you select into the appropriate box of the table. Two of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.
A.The role of the rib cage increases and the role of the diaphragm decreases.
B.Carbon dioxide in blood rises and oxygen drops.
C.The coughing reflex is extremely complex.
D.A great deal of effort is used for breathing.
E.Upper airways are resistant to colds and allergies.
F.There is a drop in the volume of air that is exchanged.
G.Automatic and voluntary respiratory systems are both involved.
1 )
Wakefulne
A B C D E F G
2 )
Sleep
A B C D E F G
托福 閱讀答案
1.以diaphragm做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句和第四句，說ribcage運(yùn)動變少，使得diaphragm更重要，但stomach的壓力使得diaphragm工作起來更困難，B是正確答案。A的increased movement of the rib cage和C的需要pressure都與原文相反;D說diaphragm contributes to原文沒有說。
2.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的centered in brain stem做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，但原文說這個特點(diǎn)是屬于automatic，metabolic system的，而voluntary的center是在forebrain，所以A錯，選;B的a number of activities做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第二句的一大堆活動，所以B正確，不選;C的bypass the automatic system和D的irregular breathing pattern做關(guān)鍵詞都定位至最后一句，都正確，不選。
3.exclusive僅有，只有，排他，所以正確答案是sole。從單詞本身看，include→exclude→exclusive，所以一定能得出排他之意。原句說在NREM期間，automatic系統(tǒng)怎么控制breathing，使得氧的需求量減少，前面一直在說兩個系統(tǒng)，現(xiàn)在氧的需求量減少了，肯定是有系統(tǒng)不干活了，所以就是只有automatic在干活，所以答案是D只有。A持續(xù)、B完美，都不靠譜，C的partial剛好與原文意思相反，也不選。
4.此題關(guān)鍵詞難找，可以順序向下看，也可以用排除法，如果順序向下看的話，會看到第一點(diǎn)說的是當(dāng)sleeper在睡與醒之間搖擺的時候，發(fā)生了呼吸c(diǎn)essation，也就是stop，所以正確答案是B，stop for a short time。C和D一個說氧上升一個說二氧化碳下降，是一回事，都不是在睡覺期間發(fā)生的，所以都反了，而且兩個一樣的也都不選，A沒說。
5.修辭目的題，先看修辭點(diǎn)所在的 句子，但原句整個都是一個例子，往前看。前一句仍然在說肌肉relax的事情，因此也是例子，所以看開頭，開頭說air passage在睡覺期間變了很多緊接著就解釋睡覺期間呼吸很難，也就是開頭所指的變化是睡覺的時候呼吸變難，所以正確答案是C。A的refute與原文相反;B的比較和D的prevent blockage原文都沒說。
6.EXCEPT題，排除法。A的relaxation of the muscles做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，正確，不選;B的two sides of the nose做關(guān)鍵詞定位至倒數(shù)第三句，正確，不選;C的upper airway做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第三句，但答案的easier airflow原文完全沒說，C錯，選;D的complex muscle interaction做關(guān)鍵詞都定位至最后一句，正確，不選。
7.以inhaling is difficult做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第二句，但這句只說了difficult的事兒，沒說發(fā)生了什么，往下看。下句說NREM期間什么adjustment都沒有，只有在inadequate breaths之后才adjust，所以答案是B。A是wakeful時候才有的;C的因果關(guān)系原文沒說;D完全沒說。
8.以irritation做關(guān)鍵詞定位至最后一句，說如果irritation太嚴(yán)重，睡著的人就會醒，按照正常的敘述順序應(yīng)該是先敘述mild的情況，前一句果然在說coughing reflex沒產(chǎn)生cough，而產(chǎn)生了cessation of breathing，呼吸停止的狀況，所以答案是D。C與原文相反;B是severe的時候才有的，A沒說。
9.considerable可觀的，相當(dāng)?shù)?，重要的，所以正確答案是significant。從單詞本身看，consider的考慮的意思是很常見的，加形容詞詞尾able變?yōu)橹档每紤]的，所以也是significant。原文說在若干次inadequate breaths之后，二氧化碳含量怎么上升氧氣含量下降，才能調(diào)整breathing，一般我們說顯著的變化，所以答案A，其他答案都不靠譜。
10.resume重新開始，再繼續(xù)，所以正確答案是restart。原句說如果irritation太嚴(yán)重了，睡著的人會醒來，清理呼吸道，并且怎么呼吸，前一句都說了因?yàn)閕rritants呼吸停止，然后醒來，當(dāng)然清理完就繼續(xù)呼吸了唄，答案是D。A和B完全不靠譜，如果選C，之前應(yīng)該adjust一次，但之前從來沒說irritation嚴(yán)重的時候有先調(diào)整一次，所以C錯。
11.原句的結(jié)構(gòu)是exchange lower是因?yàn)閎labla，所以正確答案是A，因果關(guān)系和結(jié)構(gòu)都正確。其他答案都沒提到exchange lower這個主干，而且B把原文非主干的部分變成了主干;C結(jié)果搞亂;D邏輯關(guān)系錯。
12.兩個過渡點(diǎn)，名詞respiration和連詞however。根據(jù)respiration可以初步確定答案是B或者C，但根據(jù)however斷定B不對，因?yàn)閮蓚€however不能連續(xù)出現(xiàn)，所以正確答案是C。
13.第一段和第二段在講wakeful部分，其余在講sleep部分。The role選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第一段第三句，屬于wakeful部分。Carbon dioxide選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)第五段第四句，二氧化碳多氧少，屬于sleep部分。The coughing選項(xiàng)原文沒說reflex復(fù)雜，不屬于任何一列，不選。A great deal選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第四段第三句，屬于sleep部分。Upper airways選項(xiàng)原文沒說，不選。There is選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第六段第二句，屬于sleep部分。Automatic選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第二段首句，屬于wakeful部分。
托福閱讀譯文
【1】關(guān)于人類睡覺和清醒時生理狀態(tài)的差異在過去的十年里已被發(fā)現(xiàn)，在所有的這些差異中，呼吸系統(tǒng)控制方面的變化尤其引人注目。不僅是呼吸系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作水平有差異，在如何運(yùn)作方面也出現(xiàn)了變化。胸腔所做的呼吸運(yùn)動在睡覺時會減少，使得橫膈膜的收縮變得更為重要。然而由于躺下來的物理作用，胃部壓迫橫膈膜使得橫膈膜難以工作。不管怎樣，睡眠時還有很多其他的變化影響著呼吸。
【2】清醒的時候，呼吸受到兩個互相影響的系統(tǒng)的控制。第一個是自動的新陳代謝系統(tǒng)，它的控制中心在腦干。它會潛意識的調(diào)整呼吸頻率和深度來控制二氧化碳和氧氣的濃度以及血液中的酸堿比。第二套系統(tǒng)是自發(fā)行為系統(tǒng)。它的控制中心在前腦，調(diào)節(jié)說話、 唱歌 、嘆息等行為時的呼吸。它能忽略或無視自動新陳代謝系統(tǒng)并且產(chǎn)生無規(guī)律的呼吸模式。
【3】在NMER(睡覺時沒有快速眼部活動的階段)這個階段中，呼吸會變得更深更有規(guī)律，但是呼吸頻率會降低，導(dǎo)致總體空氣交換減少。發(fā)生這個是因?yàn)樵贜REM睡眠階段中，自動的新陳代謝系統(tǒng)會獨(dú)自控制呼吸，身體會利用更少的氧氣產(chǎn)生更少的二氧化碳。同時，自動的新陳代謝系統(tǒng)對血液中二氧化碳和氧氣的含量反應(yīng)并不靈敏。在睡眠中呼吸控制的變化會導(dǎo)致兩個結(jié)果。第一，睡著時呼吸可能會有短暫的停止或減少，因?yàn)樗哒咴谒吆颓逍阎g徘徊，而這兩種狀態(tài)的控制系統(tǒng)不一樣。第二，一旦得到了充足的睡眠，血液中二氧化碳含量升高而氧氣含量降低，在NREM階段也會持續(xù)這樣。
【4】但這并不是全部的變化。在睡眠的所有階段中，氣道的一些變化已經(jīng)被觀察到了。睡眠時需要付出兩倍的努力去呼吸，因?yàn)楹粑罋饬鞯淖枇容^強(qiáng)并且用來呼吸的肌肉的效率會有變化。一些在呼吸時幫助保持上呼吸道通暢的肌肉在睡覺的時候會變得松弛，特別是在REM階段(就是有快速眼部運(yùn)動的睡眠階段)。沒有這種肌肉運(yùn)動，呼吸空氣就像從氣球里吸氣一樣，狹窄的通道會面臨崩潰。而且鼻子兩側(cè)的阻力也會周期性改變。如果有時候堵塞了“好”的一邊，比如過敏和感冒引起的堵塞，阻力就會大大增加。與這些因素一起的是那些能夠改變從鼻子到嘴巴的氣流路徑的肌肉之間失去了復(fù)雜的交互。
【5】其他呼吸調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制在睡眠時顯然要停止運(yùn)作。比如說，在清醒時如果呼吸變得困難的話就會有一個立即自動適應(yīng)性的呼吸增強(qiáng)(比如戴上面具呼吸)。但在NREM狀態(tài)時完全不存在這樣反射性的調(diào)節(jié)。在這種情況下，只有幾次不充分的呼吸后使得血液中二氧化碳的含量顯著提升以及氧氣的含量降低，呼吸才會被調(diào)整過來。最后，咳嗽反應(yīng)在應(yīng)對呼吸道中刺激物時產(chǎn)生的不是睡覺時咳嗽而是呼吸停止。如果刺激物足夠嚴(yán)重，睡著的人會醒來清理氣道，然后繼續(xù)呼吸很可能再度入睡。
【6】發(fā)生在REM時期的多余的呼吸變化比發(fā)生在NREM時期的呼吸變化更顯著。REM的空氣交換量要比NREM低，因?yàn)楸M管REM中呼吸更加急促，但也更加沒有規(guī)律，包括一些簡短的淺呼吸或呼吸暫停。另外，REM時期的呼吸更多取決于橫膈膜而不是胸腔的作用。
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為了幫助大家備考托福閱讀，提高成績，下面我給大家?guī)硗懈ｉ喿xTPO21(試題+答案+譯文)第一篇:Geothermal Energy，希望大家喜歡！
托福閱讀原文
【1】Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.
【2】By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
【3】Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180° centigrade are useful for generating electricity. They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot, dry rock; natural hot water; or natural steam. The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material. The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers, 120 kilometers north of San Francisco, California. In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there. This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline, perhaps because of over development. By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California, Utah, Nevada, and Hawaii, generating enough power to supply about a million people. Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.
【4】Extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks presents a more difficult problem: the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water, and the water must be provided artificially. The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures. Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting this resource.
【5】Like most other energy sources, geothermal energy presents some environmental problems. The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced. In addition, water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock. These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.
【6】The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate. Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable, because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir. However, in many places (for example, California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production. At present, we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits. Although the potential is enormous, it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable, as they are in California, New Zealand, and Iceland. Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century, if ever.
托福閱讀試題
1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1, what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?
A.Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.
B.When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground, it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.
C.Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock, which in turn can heat water to the point it becomes steam.
D.When a reservoir of steam in subsurface rock is produced by radioactivity, it is said to be geothermally heated.
2.The word "practical" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A.usable.
B.plentiful.
C.economical.
D.familiar.
3.The word "abundant" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A.economical.
B.familiar.
C.plentiful.
D.useful.
4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about heat reservoirs with a temperature in the range of 80°to 180° centigrade?
A.They are under international control.
B.They are more common than reservoirs that have a higher temperature.
C.Few of them produce enough heat to warm large industrial spaces.
D.They are used to generate electricity.
5.According to paragraph 3, what is the connection between underground faults and naturally occurring steam?
A.Underground faults enable the heat from molten-rock material to escape upward to regions where it can heat surface water enough to produce steam.
B.Underground faults are created by steam that is produced in geothermal reservoirs deep inside Earth.
C.Underground faults create spaces in which natural steam is sometimes trapped.
D.Underground faults allow surface water to reach deep rocks that are hot enough to turn it into steam.
6.In paragraph 3, why does the author mention that in the 1990s The Geysers was in its third decade of production?
A.To provide the historical context of the geothermal production of electricity in the United States.
B.To imply that The Geysers was the first geothermal site to be put into production in California.
C.To help explain the signs of decline shown by The Geysers.
D.To explain why 70 new geothermal sites were put into electricity production in the late 1990s.
7.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraphs 2 and 3 about geothermal reservoirs?
A.Volcanic heat is associated only with geothermal reservoirs that have a temperature over 180° centigrade.
B.More countries produce power from geothermal reservoirs than use them for heating buildings.
C.Most geothermal reservoirs are suitable for producing electricity.
D.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature is needed to generate electricity than is needed to heat homes.
8.According to paragraph 4, extracting heat from very hot, dry rocks is difficult in part because
A.the underground rock must be fractured before heat can be removed from it.
B.the water above the rock is under very high pressure.
C.the rock breaks apart when water is pumped into it.
D.the water circulated through the rock must be much cooler than the rock itself.
9.The word "exploiting" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A.locating.
B.increasing.
C.making use of.
D.estimating the size of.
10.How is the problem that the surface may sink related to the problem that water heated geothermally may contain toxic materials?
A.Both problems could be solved by returning groundwater that is removed from an underground heat reservoir back to the reservoir after heat is extracted from it.
B.The problem of sinking is more difficult to solve than is the problem of toxic materials.
C.Land at the surface sinks because the rock beneath the surface is weakened when salts and toxic materials are removed from it in the process of extracting geothermal energy.
D.Both problems are caused by the fact that the hot groundwater in a heat reservoir dissolves the rock, which weakens the rock and makes the water toxic with salt.
11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A.Heat flows through solid rock very slowly, so it takes a very long time for geological processes to produce a reservoir of geothermal energy.
B.Geothermal energy is not renewable because heat flows very slowly through solid rock into or out of a heat reservoir.
C.The heat quickly removed from a heat reservoir is replaced so slowly by geological processes that geothermal energy is not practically speaking, renewable.
D.In most cases, heat travels into a heat reservoir so slowfy that it is a much quicker process to remove the heat from a reservoir than to replace it.
12.In paragraph 6, the author implies that in California, Hawaii, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico, and the rift valleys of Africa the potential size of the geothermal resource is so large that
A.it might be economically worth developing these sites even though geothermal energy is not renewable.
B.these sites will be the first geothermal energy sites to be developed with new technology.
C.these sites are likely to make a large-scale contribution to the world energy budget in the twenty-first century.
D.it does not matter whether they have naturally occurring deposits of hot water or steam.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage. In either case, the heated water will usually be under considerable pressure, and so may have a temperature that is well above its sea-level boiling point of 100° centigrade.
Earth's internal heat, fueled by radioactivity, provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift, mountain building, and earthquakes. It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes. Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks (a heat reservoir) that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep. ■【A】The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock; less typically, the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface. ■【B】The water is brought to the surface, as a liquid or steam, through holes drilled for the purpose.■【C】
By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80° to 180° centigrade. ■【D】Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential, commercial, and industrial spaces. More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin. Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Heat reservoirs in the form of hot rock far beneath Earth's surface are a potential source of usable geothermal energy.
A.Heat reservoirs with a temperature from 80° to 180° centigrade can be used, as in France and Iceland, to heat buildings.
B.A number of countries now use geothermal reservoirs that contain water or steam above 180° centigrade to generate electricity.
C.Most heat reservoirs with a temperature above 180° centigrade cannot be used for energy because they are usually too close to recent volcanic activity.
D.The sinking of land above heat reservoirs and other environmental problems arise when water is pumped into a heat reservoir under high pressure.
E.Experiments are under way to determine if geothermally heated waters could be used as a source of certain minerals that have been dissolved out of hot rocks deep within Earth.
F.A number of issues, including how to extract heat from reservoirs that do not have a natural supply of water, will significantly limit the use of geothermal energy for the foreseeable future.
托福 閱讀答案
1.細(xì)節(jié)題，問radioactivity和steam的關(guān)系，所以找雙關(guān)鍵詞，分別定位至本段第一句和最后一句，第一句說radioactivity提供了地球的內(nèi)熱，最后一句說水變成蒸汽到達(dá)地表，水受熱才能蒸汽，而這份熱量是geothermal energy提供的，這就是二者的關(guān)系，所以答案是C。A的水暴露在radioactive underground時候steam產(chǎn)生沒說;B水變成radioactive沒說;D的radioactivity產(chǎn)生蒸汽更不靠譜。
2.practical實(shí)際的，可用的，答案是A的usable，此題簡單，B plentiful大量的、C economical節(jié)省的和D familiar熟悉的，完全不對。
3.abundant大量的，充足的，所以答案是C的plentiful，我懷疑這個題的選項(xiàng)是不是跟上一道題弄混了，待定。不過C肯定是對的。此題也較簡單，其他答案完全不沾邊，不會的各位最好認(rèn)真背單詞了。
4.以80到180度做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說最豐富的geothermal energy是在80到180度范圍內(nèi)的，所以同義替換是B的more common than higher temperature。A的international control原文沒說;C與本段第二句說反;D在本段沒提，但下一段說高于180度的可以用來發(fā)電，所以D說反了。
5.又是一個問兩者關(guān)系的題，找雙關(guān)鍵詞，定位至第三句，說natural hot water和natural steam僅存在于那些地點(diǎn)，地表水通過fault或者fracture滲到地下，碰到被加熱的blabla，答案明顯是D。A說fault使heat跑上來，和原文的方向說反了，原文是水跑下去;B說steam創(chuàng)造了fault完全不靠譜;C的steam被trap原文沒說。
6.修辭目的題，先讀例子所在句，只是細(xì)節(jié)，按照常規(guī)應(yīng)該往前看，但前一句已經(jīng)在上題看過，與答案無關(guān)，所以往下看，而且看下一句另外一個原因是因?yàn)榇~this，下句說G經(jīng)歷了30年的運(yùn)作，已經(jīng)顯示衰敗跡象，可能是因?yàn)檫^度開發(fā)，所以答案是C，A和B的內(nèi)容原文沒提;D本身也是個細(xì)節(jié)。
7.此題用排除法更快，A與第二段首句說反，錯;第二段只是說geothermal energy可以用來加熱building，沒說most，B錯;C和D都可以從兩段的首句看出來，第二段說最多的是在80到180度，第三段說發(fā)電需要180度以上，所以發(fā)電比別的溫度高，D對，C說反。
8.整個問題做關(guān)鍵詞定位至第一句，說從hot, dry rock抽熱量是特別難的，必須先fracture rock，水也要人工引入，所以答案是A。D沒說，B和C原文確實(shí)有說，但沒有回答為什么難，也就是那種答非所問選項(xiàng)，所以也不對。
9.exploit開發(fā)，利用，剝削壓榨，所以C的making use of正確。原文說人們正在實(shí)踐新的技術(shù)來怎么樣這種資源，B很顯然不對，資源如果想加就加那就好了;A定位和D估計數(shù)量都太初級了，而且現(xiàn)在的技術(shù)就可以定位和算儲量，明顯不應(yīng)該是under way。
10.又是一個問兩者關(guān)系的題，本來應(yīng)該找雙關(guān)鍵詞，但這段實(shí)在太短，找關(guān)鍵詞還不如讀完，快速掃完之后發(fā)現(xiàn)這兩件事情都是由于開采地下水引起的問題，而且最后一句說如果不把地下水補(bǔ)充回去就會有問題，所以答案是A。兩個問題之間是并列關(guān)系，既沒有比較也沒有因果，所以B和C都不對;D的dissolved溶解原文沒說，也不對。
11.原句的結(jié)構(gòu)是geothermal energy是不renewable的，因?yàn)閎labla，所以前面的結(jié)果一定要有，A和D排除;原句的原因中有一個比較，說draw out比replace的快，C重現(xiàn)了這個比較，B沒有，所以正確答案是C。
12.修辭目的題，先讀細(xì)節(jié)所在句，說在這些資源如此充足的地方，資源的利用前景取決于economies of production生產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)，四個答案中只有A提到了開采是否劃算的問題，所以答案是A。B和D原文直接沒說;C跑到最后一句去了，跟例子也沒什么關(guān)系，注意倒數(shù)第二句MS也有例子，但是題目問的不是那個。
13.這道題有一個過渡點(diǎn)就夠了，in either case說明正確插入點(diǎn)之前必須有兩種情況，直接確定B，因?yàn)橹坝衭sually和less typically兩種情況。
14.Heat選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第二段，正確;注意不要因?yàn)闇囟群蛧野堰@個選項(xiàng)當(dāng)成細(xì)節(jié)，即使當(dāng)成細(xì)節(jié)，也可以憑其他選項(xiàng)都不對的排除法解決。Most heat選項(xiàng)與原文第三段首句說反，不選。Experiments選項(xiàng)MS對應(yīng)原文第四段最后一句，但原文說的是利用熱能，不是礦物，所以這個選項(xiàng)不選。A number of countries選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第三段首句，正確;注意不要因?yàn)闇囟劝堰@個選項(xiàng)當(dāng)成細(xì)節(jié)。The sinking選項(xiàng)不知所云，好像有語法錯誤，不知道是不是我的TPO版本問題，但即使這個選項(xiàng)語法沒問題，說的也應(yīng)該是第五段的細(xì)節(jié)，或者是干脆沒說，所以不選。A number of issues選項(xiàng)對應(yīng)原文第六段，正確。
托福閱讀譯文
【1】地球內(nèi)部因放射產(chǎn)生的熱量為板塊運(yùn)動、大陸漂移、造山運(yùn)動和地震提供了能量。這種熱量還可以用來驅(qū)動發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電以及為家庭供暖。水流經(jīng)地表下可能幾百甚至幾千英尺深的熱巖區(qū)域(一種熱儲)被加熱，當(dāng)被加熱的水將熱量傳遞出來時，地?zé)崮芫涂梢詫?shí)際形式加以利用了。這些水通常是沿著巖石的斷面下滲的天然地下水，少數(shù)情況下是人為從地表泵入的水。通過為了采集地?zé)崮芩@的孔，這些水會以液體或蒸汽的形式被帶到地表。
【2】到目前為止，最豐富的地?zé)崮苄问浇橛谙鄬^低的80到180攝氏度的溫度。在此溫度范圍內(nèi)的熱儲內(nèi)循環(huán)的水可以提取出足夠的熱量供居住區(qū)、商業(yè)區(qū)和工業(yè)區(qū)取暖。目前在法國有20 000間以上的公寓是由溫暖的地下水供暖的，這些地下水來自位于巴黎附近叫做巴黎盆地的地質(zhì)構(gòu)造的熱儲。冰島位于一個被稱為是大西洋中脊的火山構(gòu)造之上。冰島的首都雷克雅維克完全是用火山熱產(chǎn)生的地?zé)崮芄┡摹?/p>
【3】溫度高于180攝氏度的地?zé)醿瘜涌捎脕戆l(fā)電。這類地?zé)醿瘜又饕挥谟薪诨鹕交顒拥膮^(qū)域，以干熱的巖石、天然熱水或天然蒸汽的形式存在。后兩種形式的儲集層局限于少數(shù)區(qū)域，在這些區(qū)域，地表水通過地下斷層或斷裂滲入到被近期的熔巖活動加熱的深層巖石。世界上最大的天然蒸汽供應(yīng)位于加州舊金山以北120公里處的蓋沙斯。二十世紀(jì)九十年代，那里產(chǎn)出的電能足夠滿足舊金山半數(shù)的需求。當(dāng)時該電廠已經(jīng)有三十個年頭了，開始顯示出發(fā)電量下降的跡象，這可能是由于過度的開發(fā)所致。到二十世紀(jì)九十年代末，加州、猶他州、內(nèi)華達(dá)州和夏威夷約有70個地?zé)岚l(fā)電廠在運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，產(chǎn)生的電能足夠滿足一百萬人的需求。目前有18個國家在利用地?zé)崮馨l(fā)電。
【4】要從極干熱的巖石中提取熱量存在一個更大的難題：巖石需要有裂縫才能讓水流通，而且水必須是人工提供的。通過泵入高壓水可以將巖石斷裂。開發(fā)利用此能源的技術(shù)的實(shí)驗(yàn)正在進(jìn)行之中。
【5】就像大多數(shù) 其它 能源一樣，地?zé)崮芤簿哂幸恍┉h(huán)境問題。如果抽取地下熱水而又不泵回，地表就會下沉。此外，地?zé)峒訜岬乃袕臒釒r中溶出的鹽分和有毒物質(zhì)。這些水如果不能被輸送回抽取的地方，將會產(chǎn)生處理方面的問題。
【6】地?zé)崮軐κ澜缒茉次磥淼呢暙I(xiàn)是難以估量的。地?zé)崮茉谀撤N意義上講是不可再生的，因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)情況下，與熱量流經(jīng)堅硬的巖石到達(dá)熱儲這個極為緩慢的地質(zhì)作用的更新速度相比，從熱儲提取熱量的速度要快得多。不過，在很多地區(qū)(例如加州、夏威夷、菲律賓、日本、墨西哥、非洲的裂谷)，這種能源可能非?？捎^，它的前景將取決于經(jīng)濟(jì)的生產(chǎn)。目前，我們只能有效地利用天然形成的熱水或蒸汽形式的地?zé)崮?。盡管潛能巨大，近期之內(nèi)地?zé)崮芸赡苤荒軐ε徲脩粢约敖?jīng)濟(jì)狀況良好的地區(qū)做出重要的局部貢獻(xiàn)，就像在加州、新西蘭和冰島地區(qū)的情況一樣。如果可能的話，地?zé)崮芄烙嬕蕉皇兰o(jì)才能對世界的能源預(yù)算做出大的貢獻(xiàn)。
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