北航副校長(zhǎng)談新托福ibt閱讀考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)

北航副校長(zhǎng)談新托福ibt閱讀考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)

作者:北京新航道學(xué)校副校長(zhǎng) 李傳偉
筆者對(duì)于國(guó)內(nèi)外考試研究多年，除了著有相關(guān)書籍外，還親自教授。關(guān)于托?？荚?，曾與人合著《TOEFL閱讀高分對(duì)策》，成為坊間流行的參考書。蟄居劍橋期間，利用ETS出版的新托福資料，加上多家著名出版機(jī)構(gòu)的新托福資料，對(duì)新托福進(jìn)行了深入研究，并將研究成果證之于實(shí)踐，輔導(dǎo)新托?？忌Ч己?。為了惠及更多的考生，今將研究成果公之于眾。首先推出的是閱讀，筆者將結(jié)合新托福樣題(ETS官方網(wǎng)站上有)，對(duì)新托福的幾種題型進(jìn)行分析，給出正確的做題方法。這次分析的題型是推理題。
一、 推理題的標(biāo)志
推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無(wú)共性的推理題兩大類。
二、 推理題的做法
對(duì)于無(wú)共性的推理題，也就是題干中無(wú)線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據(jù)各個(gè)選項(xiàng)的關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，通過(guò)排除法得出正確答案。
對(duì)于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，可以先圈定題干中的關(guān)鍵詞，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞回原文定位，然后進(jìn)行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：
1. 一般對(duì)比推理
ETS設(shè)計(jì)推理題的手段不多，根據(jù)兩個(gè)事物的對(duì)比特征出題是其中之一。問(wèn)其中一個(gè)事物的特征時(shí)，只要將與之形成對(duì)比的另一個(gè)事物的特征否定掉就可以了。例如：
It should be obvious that cetaceans?whales, porpoises, and dolphins?are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?
? It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.
? There were great numbers of them.
? They lived in the sea only.
? They did not leave many fossil remains.
根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞sea otters定位第四句：However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds…，由原文的unlike可知sea otters和pinnipeds兩種動(dòng)物與whales形成對(duì)比，而且很難想象原始的whales的樣子;根據(jù)“一般對(duì)比推理”思路，可以推出“原始的sea otters的樣子不難想象”。第一個(gè)選項(xiàng)表達(dá)了此意，為正確答案。
2. 時(shí)間對(duì)比推理
這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個(gè)形成對(duì)比的時(shí)間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當(dāng)題干問(wèn)一個(gè)時(shí)間段的特征時(shí)，只要將與之相反的時(shí)間段的特征否定掉就可以了。
例一：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….
…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.
…
It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A) families were larger.
(B) population statistics were unreliable.
(C) the population grew steadily.
(D) economic conditions were bad.
工業(yè)革命之后與工業(yè)革命之前兩個(gè)時(shí)間形成對(duì)比。既然工業(yè)革命之后西方世界的家庭變小了，那么工業(yè)革命之前的家庭一定比較大。因此(A)為正確答案。
例二：
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning, music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment; when the Lumiere films were shown at the first public film exhibition in the United States in February 1896, they were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played bore no special relationship to the films; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient. Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their pieces to the mood of the film.
What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films made after 1927?
(A) They were truly “silent.”
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors’ voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
1927年前后形成對(duì)比。既然1927年以前的電影只有音樂(lè)而沒(méi)有配音，那么1927年之后的電影一定有。所以(C)為正確答案。
例三：
“…The nineteenth century brought with it a burst of new discoveries and inventions that revolutionized the candle industry and made lighting available to all. In the early-to-mid-nineteenth century, a process was developed to refine tallow (fat from animals )with alkali and sulfuric acid. The result was a product called stearin. Stearin is harder and burns longer than unrefined tallow. This breakthrough meant that it was possible to make tallow candles that would not produce the usual smoke and rancid odor. Stearins were also derived from palm oils, so vegetable waxes as well as animal fats could be used to make candles …”
Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?
? They did not smoke when they were burned.
? They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.
? They were not available to all.
? They contained sulfuric acid.
問(wèn)題：關(guān)于19世紀(jì)以前的蠟燭，從第一段可以推出下列哪一點(diǎn)?
這道題的題干中有“19世紀(jì)以前”這一時(shí)間，由此可見它屬于“時(shí)間對(duì)比推理”思路。原文首句指出：“…19世紀(jì)帶來(lái)了大量新發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明，使蠟燭業(yè)發(fā)生了革命性的變化，所有人都能用蠟燭照明?！? 根據(jù)“時(shí)間對(duì)比推理”思路，由于19世紀(jì)以前的情況與19世紀(jì)形成對(duì)比，而19世紀(jì)所有人能用蠟燭照明，那么在19世紀(jì)之前，并非所有人都能用上蠟燭。第三個(gè)選項(xiàng) “They were not available to all”表達(dá)了這一意思，為正確答案。
3.集合概念推理
集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個(gè)集合中，包含兩個(gè)相對(duì)的方面，共同構(gòu)成一個(gè)大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據(jù)這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數(shù)量變化推斷另一方的消減。
例一：
A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….
By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.
22.What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?
(A) They value folk cultures.
(B) They have no social classes.
(C) They have popular cultures.
(D) They do not value individualism.
原文談到folk culture 和popular culture兩種文化，它們之間形成對(duì)比。既然美國(guó)和加拿大不再存在folk culture，那么它們就有popular culture。因此(C)為正確答案。
例二：
Both the number and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the civil war, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution.
What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of the economy after the Civil War?
(A) New technological developments had little effect on farmers.
(B) The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.
(C) Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.
(D) Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
文中指出：非農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例都增加了。由此可知農(nóng)業(yè)人口的數(shù)量和比例下降了。所以(B)為正確答案。

北京新航道托福培訓(xùn)怎么樣

北京新航道托福培訓(xùn)還是挺好的
在當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)托福培訓(xùn)市場(chǎng)內(nèi)，新航道是占有一席之地的。
當(dāng)初胡敏教授從新東方離職后自立門戶，轉(zhuǎn)眼致力于留學(xué)英語(yǔ)培訓(xùn)領(lǐng)域也也將近20年了。
雖然新航道的身上多少還帶有新東方的影子，但胡敏教授依舊在“去其糟粕，取其精華”的大道上付出著，期盼帶給考生們更高質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)和更顯著的學(xué)習(xí)效果。

北京托福培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)比哪個(gè)好？

當(dāng)然是新東方在線的托福更好一些?！久赓M(fèi)測(cè)一測(cè)你的托福水平】

新東方在線是新東方教育旗下專業(yè)的在線教育網(wǎng)站，是國(guó)內(nèi)首批專業(yè)在線教育網(wǎng)站之一，依托新東方強(qiáng)大師資力量與教學(xué)資源，擁有中國(guó)先進(jìn)的教學(xué)內(nèi)容開發(fā)與制作團(tuán)隊(duì)，致力于為廣大用戶提供個(gè)性化、互動(dòng)化、智能化的卓越在線學(xué)習(xí)體驗(yàn)。

新東方在線是新東方旗下專業(yè)在線教育平臺(tái)，同時(shí)又是ETS托付聯(lián)盟成員，是ETS在中國(guó)大陸地區(qū)TPO授權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)。擁有完善的課程體系，解決各階段備考需求。其教研實(shí)力雄厚，師資力量強(qiáng)大，擁有智能學(xué)練平臺(tái)和官方套題，口語(yǔ)作業(yè)和寫作更是人工逐項(xiàng)細(xì)節(jié)批改，緊貼官方標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，助力學(xué)生成績(jī)更好的提高?！就懈：Ａ總淇假Y料 免費(fèi)送 】

想要了解更多關(guān)于托福培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)的相關(guān)信息，推薦選擇新東方在線。新東方在線課程涵蓋出國(guó)考試、國(guó)內(nèi)考試、職業(yè)教育、英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)、多種語(yǔ)言，共計(jì)近3000門課程。目前，新東方在線網(wǎng)站個(gè)人注冊(cè)用戶已逾2000余萬(wàn)，移動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)用戶超過(guò)5000余萬(wàn)。作為國(guó)內(nèi)教育領(lǐng)域領(lǐng)導(dǎo)品牌，新東方在線致力于將優(yōu)質(zhì)教學(xué)資源分享給每一個(gè)學(xué)生?！久赓M(fèi)預(yù)約托福1V1備考規(guī)劃】

北京托?？记鞍嘤泻芏?，大家知道新航道哪里嗎

新托?？荚嚕ňW(wǎng)考）的一大特點(diǎn)就在于它科學(xué)的評(píng)分體系，其中的主觀題型的判分采取的是整體評(píng)分的原則，全方位客觀評(píng)判口語(yǔ)和寫作答題的總體質(zhì)量，而不是去注意小錯(cuò)誤和單一弱點(diǎn)。即：就文章的總體印象給分及獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分，而不是按語(yǔ)言要素的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分

什么是托?？荚?/h3>

TOEFL（Test?of?English?as?a?Foreign?Language，作為外語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)考試——托福）是由美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)處Educational?Testing?Service，ETS）舉辦的為申請(qǐng)去美國(guó)或加拿大等國(guó)家上大學(xué)或入研究生院學(xué)習(xí)的非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家學(xué)生提供的一種英語(yǔ)水平考試。

美國(guó)教育考試服務(wù)處由1965年開始承辦此項(xiàng)考試的管理工作。

TOEFL是出國(guó)留學(xué)(美國(guó)、加拿大)的必備考試之一，美國(guó)和加拿大已有超過(guò)2,400所大學(xué)和學(xué)院承認(rèn)這項(xiàng)考試成績(jī)，并規(guī)定了申請(qǐng)者的最低TOEFL錄取分?jǐn)?shù)線。

托?？荚嚪譃殚喿x、聽力、口語(yǔ)、寫作四部分，每部分30分，總分120分?？荚嚂r(shí)長(zhǎng)為3-4個(gè)小時(shí)，如遇加試，考試時(shí)間將被延長(zhǎng)。2019年8月1日，ETS對(duì)托福進(jìn)行了改革。

雅思考試 托福考試 留學(xué)攻略 留學(xué)院校庫(kù)