光明附近的托福培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)排名

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FOR a government allegedly keen on constraining the state and advocating greater transparency, the coalition has some big ideas about electronic surveillance—and an appetite for what critics are calling secret justice” in court cases. On two fronts, it has become embroiled in clashes about the balance between liberty and security.

英國的聯(lián)合政府據(jù)說是一個(gè)熱衷于限制國家權(quán)力而且倡導(dǎo)更高透明度的政府，但是它卻在電子監(jiān)控方面有一些大膽的想法，而且機(jī)構(gòu)托福偏好在訴訟案件中實(shí)行評(píng)論家所稱的秘密司法”。這兩個(gè)提議使得聯(lián)合政府也卷入了該如何平衡民眾自由與國家安全的論戰(zhàn)。

First, it plans in early May to set out proposed measures giving the authorities access in real time to more data on public communications, including not only mobile phones and e-mail—which they can track now with a bit of effort—but also Skype, Facebook and online games. Theresa May, the home secretary, said this week that extending surveillance was crucial to keeping the public safe against terrorists and criminals in a high-tech age.

首先，聯(lián)合政府打算在五月初開始推行一些提議的措施，這些措施將使當(dāng)局能夠?qū)崟r(shí)地獲取更多的民眾通信數(shù)據(jù)，其中不但包括手機(jī)和電子郵件（現(xiàn)在，這些數(shù)據(jù)當(dāng)局只需稍費(fèi)力氣就能獲得），還包括Skype、Facebook及在線游戲。內(nèi)政大臣特雷莎•梅（Theresa May）本周表示，在一個(gè)科技高度發(fā)達(dá)的時(shí)代，擴(kuò)大排排行榜名監(jiān)培訓(xùn)控范圍對(duì)于防止恐怖分子與犯罪分子對(duì)公共安全構(gòu)成威脅至關(guān)重要。

At the same time, a rift has emerged between David Cameron, the Conservative prime minister, and Nick Clegg, his Liberal Democrat deputy, over how courts should deal with sensitive evidence in cases of suspected terrorism. Mr Clegg has broken ranks over a previously announced plan to extend the system of closed material procedures” in which evidence is heard privately, without the defendant present. He opposes the idea that ministers, rather than judges, should decide whether civil proceedings are held in private, and objects to extending secret hearings to coroner’s court cases. Mr Cameron’s government has been coming under pressure from America over the amount of detail that can be revealed publicly in tricky proceedings. There are fears that intelligence-sharing could be restricted.

與此同時(shí)，由于對(duì)法庭如何處理涉嫌排行榜恐怖主義的案件中的敏感證據(jù)持不同意見，保守黨首相大衛(wèi)卡梅倫與其自由民主黨副手尼克克萊格之間產(chǎn)生了裂痕。政府之前宣布了一個(gè)擴(kuò)大不公開材料處理流程”系統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃，這里面涉及到的證據(jù)都是在被告不在場的情況下秘密獲得的，由于意見不合，克雷格已經(jīng)與其他人鬧掰了。他反對(duì)將民事訴訟是否應(yīng)該公開審理的權(quán)力交給各部部長而非法官的做法以及將秘密聽證會(huì)用于死因裁判案例。由于在審理棘手的訴訟案件時(shí)披露了過多的案件細(xì)節(jié)，卡梅倫政府已經(jīng)受到了來自美國方面的壓力。有人擔(dān)心這會(huì)影響兩國的情報(bào)共享。

Attempts to extend the reach of the secret state caused headaches for the previous Labour government, which lost its battle for a longer detention period for terrorist suspects and failed in its attempt to introduce compulsory identity cards. Now the coalition, which promised a lighter touch on civil liberties, is in similar straits, especially over plans to curtail privacy on the internet.

上一屆工黨政府也曾試圖擴(kuò)大秘密情報(bào)部門的監(jiān)控范圍，當(dāng)時(shí)這一做法讓其頭疼不已。前任政府在試圖延長恐怖分子嫌疑犯的監(jiān)禁期及推行強(qiáng)制身份識(shí)別卡時(shí)均未能成功。如今，承諾要更好地保障民眾自由的聯(lián)合政府的做法（尤其是那些侵犯民眾互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信隱私的計(jì)劃）無異于步其前任的后塵。

The government insists it will not seek access to the content of communications, but says it can gain valuable intelligence by simply monitoring who is talking to whom, and where and when. Getting such traffic figures does not require a judicial warrant now, so the new plans are about modernising surveillance techniques, not expanding their scope.

政府堅(jiān)稱不會(huì)尋求獲取通信內(nèi)容，但又表示他們將僅監(jiān)控談話者的身份及談話的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)以獲取有價(jià)值的情報(bào)。現(xiàn)在，要獲取此類通信數(shù)據(jù)并不需司法搜查令，因此新計(jì)劃就是要提高監(jiān)控的技術(shù)水平，而不是擴(kuò)大監(jiān)控范圍。

Critics, such as Shami Chakrabarti of Liberty, a civil-rights group, disagree. Scanning the sites people access and identifying their contacts is akin to building up an intimate picture of them, she says; doing so faster and more thoroughly increases the amount of surveillance without adding safeguards”. The Office of the Information Commissioner is equally unconvinced.

批評(píng)人士（如民權(quán)團(tuán)體Liberty的領(lǐng)袖Shami Chakrabarti）對(duì)此卻并不認(rèn)同。她說密切監(jiān)控民眾訪問的網(wǎng)站并追查聯(lián)系雙方的身份這種做法就像逐漸描繪出一幅清晰的當(dāng)事人照片；加快并加大力度實(shí)行這一做法在沒有增加保障措施的情況下提高了監(jiān)控量”。信息專員辦公室（The Office of the Information Commissioner）對(duì)政府這一做法同樣持反對(duì)態(tài)度。

Practically, the idea also raises thorny questions. CCTV has been widely introduced in Britain over the past two decades to help prevent crime. Yet it often emerges when crimes occur that cameras were either not monitored or the images produced were not accurate enough to yield useful evidence. Whitehall sources say such flaws are less likely in proposed internet trawls, since the intelligence services focus on existing suspects, rather than random tracking of internet use. It does mean, however, that sophisticated offenders may take to using anonymous re-mailer and proxy servers based outside Britain, just driving the cat-and-mouse game to a deeper level.

事實(shí)上，政府的這個(gè)計(jì)劃也引發(fā)了一培訓(xùn)系列難以應(yīng)對(duì)的質(zhì)疑。在過去的二十年中，為了防止預(yù)防犯罪，英國安裝了大量的閉路電視監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)。然而，當(dāng)犯罪發(fā)生時(shí)，該系統(tǒng)未能監(jiān)控到犯罪行為或者由于圖像不夠清晰而無法提供有效證據(jù)的情況經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。英國政府消息人士稱，由于情報(bào)部門是針對(duì)已經(jīng)鎖定的嫌疑人，而不是漫無目的地搜索互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，在提議的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)中不大可能出現(xiàn)上述情況。不過，這確實(shí)也意味著那些老到的利用攻擊者可能會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)而利用位于英國境外的匿名郵件轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)器（Anonymous remailer）和代理服務(wù)器，這會(huì)讓這場貓捉老鼠”的游戲更加復(fù)雜。

Many countries are struggling to keep abreast of the security implications of new communication technology. In 2008 the Labour government proposed a similar extension of internet surveillance, only to be shouted down by, among others, Tories and Liberal Democrats. Americans discovered in 2005 that their spooks were hoovering up vast quantities of internet traffic and scanning it for anything suspicious, a practice that has continued despite doubts about its legality. In Germany the constitutional court ruled in February that the content of e-mails should be made available only in cases where lives or state property were in danger.

為了讓安全監(jiān)控手段能夠跟得上新型通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展，許多國家都做出了很大的努力，但效果卻并不理想。2008年，當(dāng)時(shí)的勞工黨政府當(dāng)時(shí)也提出了一個(gè)類似的計(jì)劃，建議加強(qiáng)對(duì)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的監(jiān)控力度，結(jié)果這一提議被包括保守黨及自由民主黨在內(nèi)的一干人等厲聲喝止。2005年，美國民眾發(fā)現(xiàn)國家間諜正在監(jiān)控大量的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)通信數(shù)據(jù)，并對(duì)這些數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了掃描以尋找可疑光明之處。雖然飽受質(zhì)疑，但這一做法卻一直在繼續(xù)。今年二月，德國憲法法院裁定：只有在民眾生命或者國家財(cái)產(chǎn)受到威脅的案件中才能獲取民眾電子郵件的內(nèi)容。

Politically, this territory is fraught for Mr Cameron: not only does it exacerbate coalition tensions with the Lib Dems; it also annoys many civil libertarians on his own side. Some compromise looks inevitable. The internet proposals, slated for inclusion in the Queen’s Speech laying out the government’s firm legislative agenda, have been downgraded to a mere draft for consultation. Mr Clegg is also insisting that he wants the government to row back on closed hearings. One way and another, extending the secret state does not look like a political winner.

從政治上來看，這個(gè)問題對(duì)卡梅倫來說非常棘手：不僅使得保守黨和共組聯(lián)合政府的自由民主黨之間本已緊張的關(guān)系光明托福培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)排行榜更趨惡化，此舉也惹惱了他自己陣營中的民主自由人士。他似乎必須得作出一些讓步。關(guān)于加強(qiáng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)監(jiān)控的提議本安排在女王演講中，該演講將宣布政府已經(jīng)非常確定的托福立排名法議程。但現(xiàn)在該提議已經(jīng)被降級(jí)，變成了區(qū)區(qū)一份征求意見草案?？死赘襁€堅(jiān)持讓政府取消推行閉門聽證的計(jì)劃。不管怎樣，擴(kuò)大秘密軍情部門的監(jiān)控范圍在政治上都算不上明智之舉。

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