托福閱讀指代題四大類代詞關(guān)系梳理

托福閱讀指代題四大類代詞關(guān)系梳理

托福閱讀指代題雖然考的是代詞，卻暗含著對指代關(guān)系、語篇邏輯的深層考察，并非單純詞匯層面的考察。根據(jù)代詞的不同類別，我們把托福閱讀指代題分成四大類型：人稱代詞類、指示代詞類、關(guān)系代詞類和不定代詞類。具體請看下文!

托福閱讀指代題四大類代詞關(guān)系梳理

托福閱讀考試中指代題是不可忽視的一大題型，雖然考的是代詞，卻暗含著對指代關(guān)系、語篇邏輯的深層考察，并非單純詞匯層面的考察。通常的提問形式體現(xiàn)為“The word they/their/it/its/some in the passage refers to______”，然后給出四個選項，這四個詞通常都是原文中出現(xiàn)過的生詞，并且往往都是在they/their/it/its/some這幾個詞的附近，需要考生經(jīng)過嚴(yán)密思考推測，選出一個既符合行文邏輯又符合上下文意思的選項。

那么我們?nèi)绾蚊鞔_判斷代詞所指代的對應(yīng)內(nèi)容呢?我們可以根據(jù)代詞的不同類別，把指代題分成四大類型：人稱代詞類、指示代詞類、關(guān)系代詞類和不定代詞類。然后就可以根據(jù)不同類別的代詞特征一一解答了。下面我們來具體看一下四大類代詞的特征及輔助解答托福閱讀指代題的策略。

第一類，人稱代詞

人稱代詞主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。此類題型應(yīng)在做題時根據(jù)代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)及其所能指代的名詞來判斷，通常是往前找最近的核心名詞。

例如：

“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful way of deciding the value of things?！?/p>

The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory B. price

C. process D. auction

往前追溯單數(shù)形式的核心名詞，并且能用在第二句的主語位置的詞，就只能是第一句中出現(xiàn)的auction一詞了，所以正確答案選D。

第二類，指示代詞

指示代詞主要包括this, that, these, those等。在這種 句子 中，this和that通常指代某個觀點事物或現(xiàn)象，而these和those通常指復(fù)數(shù)形式下的某些觀點事物或意見，并且該類題也遵循往前找的原則。

例如：

“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older，these claws are used mainly as weapons。”

The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws B. trees

C. jaws D. weapons

該題中的these一定是指之前已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)過的名詞，所以現(xiàn)在才能用代詞進(jìn)行指示，因此我們首先可通過往前追溯的原則進(jìn)行排出，B、C、D瞬間就都被排除了。再將A選項帶入原句驗證，看邏輯和意思是否與句意相符，最終驗證表明，答案正是A選項。

第三類，關(guān)系代詞

主要包括which, that, who, whom等。在這種句子中，通常采用就近原則。尤其是由“，which”格式引導(dǎo)的從句，一般都是非限制性定語從句，通常就是指該詞前面緊挨著的名詞。但需要注意的是，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞前有插入語時，需要先去掉插入語，再使用就近原則。

例如：

“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment?！?/p>

The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy B. ethanol

C. wind D. coal

一看詞句考察的是由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，則毫不猶豫得把答案定位到which前的名詞“coal”上，所以一眼就能選出該題的正確答案D選項。

第四類，不定代詞

主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。這類代詞通常指的都是該詞前后與其關(guān)系最緊密的名詞主語，并且注意詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。

例如：

“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。”

The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies B. plant species

C. lost plants D. new drugs

首先確定該題的“Many”所在句主語應(yīng)該是指“l(fā)ost plants”，并且“of”是表示所屬的關(guān)系，所以“Many”應(yīng)該是屬于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很顯然“Many”指的就應(yīng)該是“l(fā)ost plants”，因此答案選C。

需要注意的是這四大類代詞只能大致涵蓋托福閱讀指代題中所涉及的大致類型，要想全面把握托福閱讀指代題，我們還是需要把握好真題，結(jié)合解題技巧與策略進(jìn)行有針對性的練習(xí)與 總結(jié)，循序漸進(jìn)提高托福閱讀水平與分?jǐn)?shù)。

托福閱讀指代題解題思路及步驟

一、問題形式

被考的 文章 中有一個詞或詞組被加亮，這個詞通常是一個代詞或名詞。指代題的形式如下：

The word (or phrase) X in the passage refers to

二、解題步驟

1. 根據(jù)解題技巧確定答案

2. 代入原文驗證，看語義、邏輯和語法上是否通順

三、基本原則

1. 就近指代

所謂就近指代，就是被指代對象通常在指代詞前不遠(yuǎn)處，如本句或上一句中。有時也出現(xiàn)在更前面的一句中。例如，

Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines. The killing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted environmentalists who champion wildlife protection against environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy. Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or sharply reduce this problem.

The phrase this problem in the passage refers to interference with the flight patterns of migrating birds in certain areas building ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines meeting the demands of environmentalists who promote renewable wind energy

本題涉及的是一個詞組this problem。尋找這一詞組的指代對象時只需向上搜索就行。根據(jù)就近原則，前一句中的主語the killing of birds of prey by wind turbines可以初步確定為答案。將其代入原文，符合語義和邏輯，因此第三個選項為正確答案。第一個選項和第三個選項都和this problem相距較遠(yuǎn)，而且代入時語義和邏輯上不通，因此為干擾選項。

2. 數(shù)格一致

被指代對象通常與指代詞在數(shù)(如單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))和格(主格或賓格)兩方 面相 同。如單數(shù)代詞one指代單數(shù)名詞，復(fù)數(shù)代詞they指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞。

四、主要思路

1. 主從復(fù)合句中的指代

在主從復(fù)合句中，第二句的代詞主語經(jīng)常指代第一句的名詞主語。例如，

The fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. When not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours.

The word they in the passage refers to

?qualities

?fins

?grooves

?depressions

在這一例子中，從句so that they…中的代詞主語they指代主句的名詞主語the fins，因此第二個選項為正確答案。

新托福閱讀背景知識：植物適應(yīng)沙漠

Plant adaptation to the desert(背景材料)

Cactus adaptations.

The secret to the superior endurance of cacti lies in their adaptations. Over millions of years, through natural selection, only the strongest and best adapted species survived.

As you know, it is very dry in the desert. Plants that adapt to this are known as xerophytes (from zeros, dry and python, plant). There are plants that avoid the dry season by sprouting from seed just after the spring rain and growing very fast so that by the time the dry season comes, they have already produced a lot of seeds and died. These seeds lie on the soil for the dry season and sprout again in spring and the cycle repeats. Other xerophytes simply drop their leaves and stay dormant for the winter. But there is another special type of xerophytes which stores water in its fleshy tissues. Such plants are called succulents (from success, juicy). The cactus is a typical example of a succulent.

If you cut a cactus open, you see a juicy, slimy tissue. This is where the moisture is stored for the dry season. The part between the middle circle (and pith) and just under the very green part of the plant (or palisade parenchyma) just under the skin is allocated for the storage of water and food for the plant. This is a type of spongy parenchyma and can take up to 85% of the plant's volume. This is a major adaptation in the desert. Because the plant remains completely alive during the dry season and there is no need for it to dry up and lose everything, makes it possible for the plant to grow to large sizes. Another advantage is that the plant retains supplies (in the form of starch) for the winter so that it can flower right away in spring without accumulating more supplies (as most plants need to do in spring). The whole purpose of storing supplies for the winter is mostly to energize flowering in spring but it also lets the cactus start growing much sooner.

Flowering plants breathe and transpire (evaporate water from their surface) through closeable microscopic pores called stoats on the leaves or stems. To do this, their pores have to be open. In most plants these are open all day and on warm nights. But for cacti this is inconvenient as in daytime it is very hot and thus the plant would lose a lot of water through evaporation. So the cactus must close them in the daytime. But then it cannot breathe or photosynthesize (the process where sugars are made from carbon dioxide and water and releasing oxygen using the sun's energy). Succulents have an adaptation to that. Their stoats are closed during the day and are open at night, when it is not that hot and store carbon dioxide in its tissues as crass lean acid and then turn it back to carbon dioxide in the daytime. This process is called crass lean acid metabolism or CAM and it is a very smart way of respiring in the desert.

If we look at the outside of the plant, we notice that there is a tough leathery skin covering the plant, we can also notice the presence of ribs and spines and sometimes fur. These are all very smart adaptations. They serve mainly for surviving heat but are also used as defense.

The tough leathery skin is very impermeable to water, thus reducing evaporation from the surface of the plant. This skin often has a layer of plant wax on it which is often lightly colored (Pilosocereus azures is an example of a plant with such wax), white or blue. This reflects light and also reduces evaporation from the inside.

The ribs are special structures that are also used for enduring extreme heat. The ribs (and spines) trap wind so that the plant is enveloped in a layer of extremely still air, and this is a very important factor in reducing evaporation. On very windy days even the ribs don't help and cacti sometimes wilt because of high water loss.

The spines have different functions. They not only help shade the plant from the sun but are also known to help the cactus absorb water. They do it like this. On cool nights, dew settles on the spines of the plant. The spines are actually known to draw droplets of water towards the areole (the point out of which the spines grow) and here the droplets are absorbed. You can try this at home. Spray the plants with a very fine mist of water and watch what happens to the droplets that settle on the spines. They literally get attracted to the areole along the spine. The spine's structure allows them to do this. Even spines pointing downwards seem to suck the droplets up themselves.

Adaptation features are visible in this Pilosocereus glauchochorous. Notice the spines, ribs, fur and wax (the blue coloration). The top of a typically adapted plant.

Some plants have fur; sometimes all over the plant, sometimes only near the top. This fur shades the plant even further and is also known to attract water towards the areole. Some plants only have fur near the top. This is very beneficial because the top of the plant is very sensitive to sunlight, new tissues get formed there. Young areoles, with their spines not even wooded yet can get dried up completely in the sun. When an areole is born near the top of the plant, it starts developing spines. At this time the fur appears as well. This fur accompanies the areole as it moves down the plant, shading the growing point inside. By the time the areole is about 15cm away from the top, the fur wears out completely and the now inactive areole gets exposed to the sun.

As for the roots of cacti, they are also fully adapted to living in the desert. Some species (especially plants from very dry deserts) have very shallow root systems that spread very far from the plant. This way the plant can take advantage of tiny amounts of moisture from dew or light rain as the roots spread far away and are very shallow (less than 10cm deep while spreading up to 5 meters from the parent plant). On the other hand, some cacti send their roots deep down (like many Echinocacti) to reach the ground water.

Rainforest cacti often have aerial roots that can collect water all the time when it rains (and it rains very often in South American forests).

The shape of cacti itself is an adaptation. You may have noticed that cacti have a barrel like or candle like shape. This allows for maximum internal volume with a minimum surface area, which is also very smart adaption as a cactus can store a lot of water and have a small external surface area to reduce water loss.

推薦一本好的新托福（ibt）輔導(dǎo)材料

《TOEFL詞匯詞根+聯(lián)想記憶法》和張紅巖的《詞以類記》
《官方指南》（OG）
《新托?？荚噦淇疾呗耘c模擬試題》（即DELTA）
《高分新托福閱讀120》和《高分新托福聽力120》
《新托?？荚嚳谡Z勝經(jīng)》
《挑戰(zhàn)TOEFL .iBT滿分作文》

托福閱讀材料之行星和恐龍滅絕的關(guān)系

托福閱讀：
小行星對恐龍滅絕的影響。一個科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)土層中里有很多Ir元素，而Ir元素在地球上少見，因此推斷是小行星導(dǎo)致了恐龍滅絕。后面又說了小行星使得氣溫降低，空氣化學(xué)組成改變等等也導(dǎo)致恐龍的滅絕，但是一些小的嚙齒類動物則存活了下來。
托福閱讀相關(guān)背景：
參考文章：Meteorite Impact and Dinosaur Extinction
Extinction of the Dinosaurs
Mass Extinctions
背景知識：
Impact event
Biospheric effects
The effect of impact events on the biosphere has been the subject of scientific debate. Several theories of impact related mass extinction have been developed. In the past 500 million years there have been five generally accepted, major mass extinctions that on average extinguished half of all species. One of the largest mass extinction to have affected life on Earth was in the Permian-Triassic, which ended the Permian period 250 million years ago and killed off 90% of all species; life on Earth took 30 million years to recover. The cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction is still matter of debate with the age and origin of proposed impact craters, i.e. the Bedout High structure, hypothesized to be associated with it are still controversial. The last such mass extinction led to the demise of the dinosaurs and coincided with a large meteorite impact; this is the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event (also known as the K–T or K–Pg extinction event); This occurred 66 million years ago. There is no definitive evidence of impacts leading to the three other major mass extinctions.
In 1980, physicist Luis Alvarez; his son, geologist Walter Alvarez; and nuclear chemists Frank Asaro and Helen V. Michael from the University of California, Berkeley discovered unusually high concentrations of iridium in a specific layer of rock strata in the Earth's crust. Iridium is an element that is rare on Earth but relatively abundant in many meteorites. From the amount and distribution of iridium present in the 65-million-year-old "iridium layer", the Alvarez team later estimated that an asteroid of 10 to 14 km (6 to 9 mi) must have collided with the earth. This iridium layer at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary has been found worldwide at 100 different sites. Multidirectionally shocked quartz (coesite), which is only known to form as the result of large impacts or atomic bomb explosions, has also been found in the same layer at more than 30 sites. Soot and ash at levels tens of thousands times normal levels were found with the above.
Anomalies in chromium isotopic ratios found within the K-T boundary layer strongly support the impact theory. Chromium isotopic ratios are homogeneous within the earth, therefore these isotopic anomalies exclude a volcanic origin which was also proposed as a cause for the iridium enrichment. Furthermore the chromium isotopic ratios measured in the K-T boundary are similar to the chromium isotopic ratios found in carbonaceous chondrites. Thus a probable candidate for the impactor is a carbonaceous asteroid but also a comet is possible because comets are assumed to consist of material similar to carbonaceous chondrites.
Probably the most convincing evidence for a worldwide catastrophe was the discovery of the crater which has since been named Chicxulub Crater. This crater is centered on the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and was discovered by Tony Camargo and Glen Pentfield while working as geophysicists for the Mexican oil companyPEMEX. What they reported as a circular feature later turned out to be a crater estimated to be 180 km (110 mi) in diameter. Other researchers would later find that the end-Cretaceous extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs had lasted for thousands of years instead of millions of years as had previously been thought. This convinced the vast majority of scientists that this extinction resulted from a point event that is most probably an extraterrestrial impact and not from increased volcanism and climate change (which would spread its main effect over a much longer time period).
Recently, several proposed craters around the world have been dated to approximately the same age as Chicxulub — for example, the Silverpit crater in the United Kingdom, the Boltysh crater in Ukraine and the Shiva crater near India. This has led to the suggestion that the Chicxulub impact was one of several that occurred almost simultaneously, perhaps due to a disrupted comet impacting the Earth in a similar manner to the collision of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter in 1994; however, the uncertain age and provenance of these structures leaves the hypothesis without widespread support.
It was the lack of high concentrations of iridium and shocked quartz which has prevented the acceptance of the idea that the Permian extinction was also caused by an impact. During the late Permian all the continents were combined into one supercontinent named Pangaea and all the oceans formed one superocean,Panthalassa. If an impact occurred in the ocean and not on land at all, then there would be little shocked quartz released (since oceanic crust has relatively little silica) and much less material.
Although there is now general agreement that there was a huge impact at the end of the Cretaceous that led to the iridium enrichment of the K-T boundary layer, remnants have been found of other, smaller impacts, some nearing half the size of the Chicxulub crater, which did not result in any mass extinctions, and there is no clear linkage between an impact and any other incident of mass extinction.
Paleontologists David M. Raup and Jack Sepkoski have proposed that an excess of extinction events occurs roughly every 26 million years (though many are relatively minor). This led physicist Richard A. Muller to suggest that these extinctions could be due to a hypothetical companion star to the Sun calledNemesis periodically disrupting the orbits of comets in the Oort cloud, and leading to a large increase in the number of comets reaching the inner solar system where they might hit Earth. Physicist Adrian Melott and paleontologist Richard Bambach have more recently verified the Raup and Sepkoski finding, but argue that it is not consistent with the characteristics expected of a Nemesis-style periodicity.

托福閱讀高頻背景詞匯有哪些

托福閱讀高頻詞匯如下：
1. 關(guān)于人的高頻詞匯：學(xué)術(shù)閱讀中最常出現(xiàn)的就是各種科學(xué)家，以ist和er結(jié)尾居多。
例如：anthropologist，archaeologist，paleontologist，zoologist，geographer，astronomer
(人類學(xué)家，考古學(xué)家，古生物學(xué)家，動物學(xué)家，地理學(xué)家，天文學(xué)家)
這類的詞匯大家無需記住拼寫，只要在閱讀中出現(xiàn)可以辨認(rèn)就足以。在面對未知的專有名詞時，至少要判斷他們存在于那個學(xué)科，才好進(jìn)行下一步的推理。
2. 關(guān)于地質(zhì)、地貌的高頻詞匯：這類文章在托福學(xué)術(shù)閱讀中比重很大。建議大家對常用詞匯進(jìn)行積累。
例如：volcano，layer，conglomerate，karst，porous，permeable，meteorolite，asteroid
火山，(地)層，礫巖，喀斯特地貌(石灰?guī)r的一種地形)，多孔的(有透氣性與透水性)，可滲透的，隕石，小行星
3. 關(guān)于氣候、動物與生態(tài)的高頻詞匯：與生物和地球有關(guān)的話題是托福永遠(yuǎn)的寵兒。
例如：unpredictable，vary，rangefrom，extinction，endangered，tropical，jungle，equatorial
不可預(yù)測的，改變(動詞)，變化幅度(動詞)，滅絕，瀕危的，熱帶的，叢林，赤道附近的
4.關(guān)于 歷史、考古方面的高頻詞匯，這類題材是分水輪流轉(zhuǎn)的對象，也要加以注意。尤其是歷史文章的考法不是單純的講古，而是從各個層面切入，有很多的表現(xiàn)形式?？赡苁枪湃祟惖倪w徙，那就是人類歷史。貿(mào)易和交通運輸?shù)陌l(fā)展，那就是經(jīng)濟(jì)史，等等。
例如，relics，remains，mausoleum，handicraft，cohesiveness，territorial，civilization
遺跡，遺跡或殘骸，陵墓，手工藝品，凝聚性，領(lǐng)土的，文明
5. 關(guān)于關(guān)鍵副詞的高頻詞匯，這類詞往往很不顯眼，但是會左右整個句子的含義，他們是最需要加以注意的對象。一些看起來含有否定前綴的詞可能是肯定含義，而一些完全沒有否定詞綴的副詞卻可能是真正的殺手!
例如：rarely，merely，undeniable
很少地，僅僅，不可否認(rèn)

托?？荚嚋?zhǔn)備資料推薦

第一階段（基礎(chǔ)瓶頸階段）《新托?？荚嚬俜街改稀罚喊盐湛荚嚇?biāo)準(zhǔn)，考試能力要求 通過ETS的《新托福官方指南》（OG）的學(xué)習(xí)，首先，了解新托福考試閱讀部分的相關(guān)評分規(guī)則；然后，進(jìn)一步把握新托?？荚囬喿x部分的官方要求；再次，通過OG總結(jié)閱讀考試相關(guān)題型，并且可以通過相應(yīng)的題型題目的練習(xí)發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀部分的不足；最后，為復(fù)習(xí)準(zhǔn)備的下一個階段以及下一本書籍資料的運用打下基礎(chǔ)。 （沒有看到OG的重要性）
第二階段（提高把握階段）《新托?？荚噦淇疾呗耘c模擬試題》（DELTA）《新托福考試閱讀特訓(xùn)》《新托?？荚囬喿x技能與考點訓(xùn)練》（三冊）： 有講解，有技的進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)和練習(xí) 通過上一個階段的初步了解把握之后，考生了解了自己針對閱讀部分題型的弱勢，這三本書的特點就在于有豐富的練習(xí)題目，可以進(jìn)行有針對性的突破訓(xùn)練。主要提高考生的閱讀能力。書中的語言技巧和文章內(nèi)容都比較具有實用性，有趣性。在學(xué)習(xí)做題的過程中，摒棄枯燥，乏味，了解豐富的世界文化。書中提供的大量的閱讀段落和文章以供學(xué)生進(jìn)行練習(xí)，符合中國考生的學(xué)習(xí)特點和要求，對進(jìn)一步提升中國考試的閱讀技巧能力有實質(zhì)性的幫助。請分別說明這三本書的優(yōu)勢，以及復(fù)習(xí)如果有針對性的提高。即每本書可以得到什么樣的訓(xùn)練。你所提到的“有針對性的突破訓(xùn)練”，這樣的“有針對性”分別是指什么？文中提到的“了解豐富的世界文化”，需要完善本句，比如“閱讀文章內(nèi)容豐富，涉及的題材廣泛，有如生物的進(jìn)化、藝術(shù)建筑的發(fā)展等等，在做題同時，也了解了考試的背景知識，”必要時舉例說明。
第三階段 （專項能力提升階段）《新托福一遍通閱讀應(yīng)試指南》 《高分新托福閱讀120》：專項提升，具有專一性通過以上兩個階段的相關(guān)訓(xùn)練之后，到了這一步就應(yīng)該開始進(jìn)行考前模擬的專項訓(xùn)練，這兩本書也是考前模擬的基礎(chǔ)。以此來熟悉新托福考試閱讀部分的考試形式，考試范圍以及考題的難度，對每個考試題型進(jìn)行集中訓(xùn)練。同時，小馬過河認(rèn)為針對做閱讀文章，如何提取綜合信息以及總結(jié)歸納能力的提升。幫助考生拓展詞匯量，通過單項訓(xùn)練，加強(qiáng)考前的掌握與牢固。對于同一個人來說，兩本書都需要看嗎？兩者的側(cè)重點有何不同？每本書需要查看的次數(shù)是多少？閱讀時需要留意的哪些點（請按1、2、3.。分別介紹）
第四階段 （沖刺牢固階段）《新托福考試全真?？碱}與精解》（BARRON） TPO（Toefl Practice On-line）文勇結(jié)合ETS出題的閱讀分析：結(jié)合閱讀考試出題方向，實用性較強(qiáng)
最后階段的沖刺非常重要，在此關(guān)鍵性的階段我們可以運用BARRON以及TPO進(jìn)行最后的練習(xí)，BARRON比較適應(yīng)機(jī)考得界面以及流程，同時還會對你的分?jǐn)?shù)進(jìn)行一個檢測和判斷。TPO，其實就相當(dāng)于真題的練習(xí)，只是ETS并沒有公開使用。至于文勇的結(jié)合ETS出的閱讀題目的分析，可以對整個的備考閱讀的過程起到一個點睛的作文，他的分析既有翻譯又有討論，實為一份不錯的復(fù)習(xí)補(bǔ)充資料。修改規(guī)則同上。

托福閱讀題材一般會涉及到哪些內(nèi)容？

對于此問題，托福 考試官方指南（OG）已給出了明確的答復(fù)。The TOEFL iBT uses reading passages from university-level textbooks that introduce a discipline or topic. The excerpts are changed as little as possible so the TOEFL iBT can measure how well students can read academic material (OG page 7). 也就是說托福閱讀所考查的文章節(jié)選自于大學(xué)課本，內(nèi)容是對一個主題或者一個課程的介紹。托福考試就是通過對此類文章的考查來了解考生能否適應(yīng)及有能力即將到來的學(xué)術(shù)類文章的學(xué)習(xí)。具體來說，所考查的文章主要是三大類：說明文（Exposition），議論文（Argumentation）以及歷史題材的文學(xué)作品（Historical）。但所涵蓋的內(nèi)容將是各式各樣的主題，大致可分為自然科學(xué)，生物科學(xué)和社會科學(xué)三大塊。其中自然科學(xué)類又具體到地質(zhì)類及天文類，生物科學(xué)類又包括動物類、植物類及生態(tài)環(huán)境類。社會科學(xué)類是范圍最廣且每次必考的一類，它所涵蓋的可以是藝術(shù)、歷史、農(nóng)業(yè)、考古、心理學(xué)等等。例如我們可能會比較熟悉的貼近生活的動植物類，如真題tpo17 Symbiotic Relationships講述了我們生物課堂上所學(xué)習(xí)過的兩種或多種生物體之間的三種共生關(guān)系。又如我們比較生疏的，詞匯難度較大的地質(zhì)類，如真題tp15 Glacier Formation 文章運用一系列專業(yè)術(shù)語來描述冰川的形成。外朗 教育 托福閱讀老師重點強(qiáng)調(diào)著的是，無論托福閱讀考試中的題材我們是否熟悉，文章當(dāng)中會提供充足且足夠的信息來幫助我們解題。也就是說，所有問題的答案都在文章中，不需要任何背景及課外知識，我們也能將題目做對。

托福考試的背景知識重要嗎？如果沒有背景知識，只會單詞，語法，復(fù)雜句，托福閱讀能拿高分嗎？

背景知識對于托?？荚囍匾獑?？
托?？荚囋臼菫榇髮W(xué)生設(shè)計的語言考試。隨著留學(xué)的低齡化，越來越多的高中、初中、乃至小學(xué)生都開始了托福考試的學(xué)習(xí)與備考。
雖然托福考試只是一門語言考試，但是托福考試中涉及到的知識面十分廣泛：新托?？荚嚨拈喿x文章的主題來自幾乎所有大學(xué)學(xué)生可能會遇到的課程科目，如心理學(xué)、社會學(xué)、人類學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、物理學(xué)、天文學(xué)、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、氣象學(xué)和哲學(xué)等。
托?？荚囍R面的廣泛導(dǎo)致出現(xiàn)專業(yè)性名詞的次數(shù)極多。知識的受限，導(dǎo)致了即使英語不錯的學(xué)員在托?？荚囍幸矔l頻受挫，甚至致使了美高出國的失敗。
對于一個初中生，如果想要參加托福考試，僅僅學(xué)習(xí)英語語言本身，是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的。
什么叫背景知識？
托?？碱}中，無論聽力、閱讀還是寫作、口語一定程度上都與美國文化背景知識有關(guān)，但由于寫作和口語主要測試語言組織和輸出能力，文化背景知識對答題的影響并不如閱讀和聽力那么明顯。研究表明在TOEFL測試中,文化背景知識在聽力中占25%以上，在閱讀中占50%左右。因此可以說扎實的語言功底是托福高分的基礎(chǔ),而豐富的文化背景知識是高分的突破口。
背景知識對托福閱讀有什么影響？
一般來說，相關(guān)知識背景對于有效理解某一特定類型的閱讀文章具有重要意義，因此適當(dāng)了解部分重要領(lǐng)域（如地理、生物、歷史等）相關(guān)基礎(chǔ)知識往往是提高托福閱讀的一個有效手段。
在新托福閱讀考試中，往往包含著許多文化背景知識，涉及的領(lǐng)域很廣，包括文化習(xí)俗、歷史、地理、神話、經(jīng)濟(jì)、時事政治等。加上作者并非把所有信息都完整準(zhǔn)確地用文字表達(dá)出來，這無疑給考生閱讀理解造成了不同程度的障礙。但是考生如果能夠利用已知的背景知識對其進(jìn)行合理推斷，這類看似很難的問題也只是 “小菜” 一碟而已。
同時，新托?？荚嚲哂泻軓?qiáng)的時效性和開放性，若考生對考試中所遇到的內(nèi)容不是很熟悉，就無法做到很好地發(fā)揮。因此，了解相關(guān)文化背景資料，有利于考生更好地進(jìn)行閱讀，從而更好地進(jìn)行語篇分析，理解文章的主旨。
不同國家與地區(qū)都有自己的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，特別在意識形態(tài)上存在著很大的差別，尤其是中西方文化的差異尤為明顯。因此，對于托?？忌鷣碚f，適當(dāng)對英語國家的文化背景知識做一定的了解，有助于更快更準(zhǔn)確地把握英語的語言本質(zhì)和思想內(nèi)涵，更容易地分析和解決問題，從而大大提高英語應(yīng)用的能力。
新托?？荚嚨拈喿x文章的主題來自幾乎所有大學(xué)學(xué)生可能會遇到的課程科目，如心理學(xué)、社會學(xué)、人類學(xué)、市場營銷、公共關(guān)系學(xué)、建筑學(xué)、物理學(xué)、天文學(xué)、化學(xué)、生物學(xué)、地質(zhì)學(xué)、氣象學(xué)、歷史、藝術(shù)、音樂、文學(xué)和哲學(xué)。
當(dāng)閱讀一個熟悉的話題時，讀者會對理解文章更有信心，這有助于讀者將此文章的內(nèi)容與其之前所了解的關(guān)于此話題的知識進(jìn)行聯(lián)系，從而加強(qiáng)對文章的理解。對于文章中的一個特定要點的成功理解需要讀者準(zhǔn)確的理解相關(guān)詞匯在前后文中的定義，以及掌握對此要點的相關(guān)知識。
當(dāng)然，光有學(xué)科背景知識對于于理解一篇新托福的閱讀文章中的特定的信息是不夠的。在新托福考試的閱讀課上，方隅的老師會選擇閱讀練習(xí)文章的主題，建立學(xué)生的相關(guān)學(xué)科背景知識，以此來幫助學(xué)生在考試中自信地發(fā)揮其閱讀能力與技巧。
背景知識和托福聽力有什么關(guān)系？
其實，不僅閱讀理解依賴背景知識，聽力理解同樣離不開背景知識。
長期以來，很多學(xué)生將聽力停滯不前的問題歸因于詞匯量小，語法知識薄弱。實際上，影響聽力理解的因素遠(yuǎn)不止這些。長期記憶中的非語言信息，特別是有關(guān)的文化背景知識在學(xué)生的聽力理解中具有十分關(guān)鍵的作用。
長期處于母語文化的熏陶中，大多數(shù)中國學(xué)生缺乏對英語文化背景知識的充分了解，因而在聽力理解中，母語與英語兩張語言所包含的文化差異會給學(xué)生聽力理解帶來一定困難。
如：英語中“憂郁的人”稱為“blue dog”； 紅茶稱 為“black tea”；又如：“elephants never forget.”在我們的文化中“大象”是“巨大”的代名詞，而在西方國家大象則因其在識別道路和方向上的天賦而成為超強(qiáng)記憶的象征。
因此了解和熟知英語國家的社會文化知識，包括政治，經(jīng)濟(jì)，歷史，地理，文化，道德，宗教信仰，社會制度等方面的概括，對于提高學(xué)生聽力水平起到舉足輕重的作用。
聽力中的背景知識
TOEFL聽力所涉及的知識面極其廣泛,歷史、地理、經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文學(xué)藝術(shù)、科技、人類學(xué)、生物學(xué),無所不包。TOEFL聽力分為簡單會話,長對話及長段聽力理解三部分;其中長對話和長段聽力理解部分所涉及的文化背景知識較多,又各有側(cè)重。

toefl閱讀技巧有哪些？

北外托福老師建議：
1. 提高詞匯量，爭取做詞匯達(dá)人，托福閱讀至少需要10000—12000的詞匯
2. 學(xué)會剖析長句?，F(xiàn)在新托雖不直接考語法題，但在口語、寫作以及閱讀的題型中無不體現(xiàn)出對語法的理解與準(zhǔn)確的運用能力。
3. 學(xué)會概括、歸納。歸納大意是閱讀理解的重點能力，新托?？荚囬喿x部分可以概括為兩種題型：基礎(chǔ)理解題重點考查考生對文章的詞匯、句法和語義內(nèi)容理解以及把握重要信息的能力。
4. 熟悉背景知識。在新托福閱讀中，了解文章的背景知識對閱讀得分是至關(guān)重要的，對于背景知識的考察，要靠考生平時多多積累，多去了解一些西方的文化歷史，多看看西方的比較著名的書籍和其他資料，這對考生背景知識的積累有很大的幫助。

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